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Epiglottitis

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Epiglottitis

Definition

Epiglottitis is severe swelling of the epiglottis. The epiglottis is a flap-like tissue located in the throat. During swallowing, the epiglottis folds over the windpipe and vocal chords to prevent food and liquids from entering the lungs. Swelling can quickly seal off a person’s airway and make breathing difficult.
Epiglottitis is rare and requires immediate medical attention. If you think you, your child, or someone you know has epiglottitis, go to the emergency room right away.
The Throat
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Causes

Factors that can cause epiglottitis include:
  • Bacteria, viruses, and fungi , such as:
    • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)—the most common cause and the cause of the most deadly type of epiglottitis; not the same germ that causes the flu
    • Staphylococcus aureus —also the cause of skin infections, pneumonia, and blood infections
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae —also the cause of meningitis and pneumonia
    • Streptococcus A, B, and C—also the cause of strep throat and blood infections
    • Candida albicans —also the cause of yeast infections , diaper rash, and oral thrush
    • Varicella zoster —also the cause of chickenpox and shingles
  • Burns from hot liquids
  • Physical injury to the throat area
  • Crack cocaine

Risk Factors

Epiglottitis spreads easily. It is passed much like the common cold , through droplets released when sneezing and coughing. Anyone can develop epiglottitis. The following factors can increase a person’s risk:
  • Age:
    • Children, aged 3-7, living in countries that do not offer vaccines
    • Infants younger than two months who are too young to receive vaccination
    • Rarely, adults in their 40s
  • Sex: Male
  • Living in close quarters
  • Attending day care, being in school, or working in an office
  • Weather: more common in winter
  • Race: more common among African Americans and Hispanics

Symptoms

Epiglottitis is a rare disease. If you or your child experiences any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to epiglottitis. These symptoms may be caused by other, less serious health conditions.
  • Cough
  • Fever over 103°F
  • Sore throat and severe throat pain
  • Difficulty swallowing with drooling
  • Muffled voice
  • Breathing problems:
    • Rapid breathing
    • Increasingly difficult breathing
    • Leaning forward and arching the neck backward to breathe
    • Squeaky or raspy sounds while inhaling, caused by airway blockage
  • Symptoms associated with low oxygen levels:
    • Bluish tint to skin or lips
    • Sluggishness
    • Confusion
    • Irritability
Symptoms appear suddenly and worsen quickly.
Note: Do not attempt to use a tongue depressor or any other utensil to look into the person’s throat. A throat spasm could occur and cause the airway to close completely.

Diagnosis

When you arrive at the hospital, the doctor will first make sure you are able to breathe. After this is known, the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. If you are not having trouble breathing, the doctor may use a mirror to look down your throat.
You may have the following tests done:
  • Your doctor may test your bodily fluids and cells. This can be done with:
    • Blood culture and count
    • Throat culture
  • Your doctor may need to view your bodily structures. This can be done with:
    • Nasolaryngoscopy
    • Neck x-ray

Treatment

The doctor will first stabilize your airway and then give proper medication depending on the cause. You may also have other illnesses that need to be treated depending on the cause of the epiglottitis such as blood infections due to Streptococcus .
If you CAN breathe, you will be closely monitored in the intensive care unit.
If you CANNOT breathe, the options include:
  • Endotracheal intubation—A breathing tube is inserted through the nose or mouth and fed into the airway. This can only be done if the airway is not swollen shut. It should be done by an experienced physician.
  • Tracheotomy —A breathing tube is inserted directly into the airway. This is done if the airway is swollen shut or if the airway is too swollen to do an endotracheal intubation.
After the airway is stabilized, you will be monitored and started on IV antibiotics. Antibiotics help kill the organism causing the infection and swelling. At first, a variety of antibiotics may be given if the identity of the germ is not yet known. After the laboratory test results are known, a specific antibiotic can be given.
After swelling decreases, the breathing tube can be removed. Usually, there are not any lasting side effects of epiglottitis, and the outlook is good.
If you are diagnosed with epiglottitis, follow your doctor's instructions .

Prevention

Vaccination with the Hib vaccine is the only way to prevent epiglottitis. Currently, infants born in the US are given one of these vaccines at two months of age. Since vaccination began, adults have been at even lower risk of developing epiglottitis. If you have a weak immune system or are on medications that may make you more prone to illness, speak with your doctor about getting vaccinated.
An preventive antibiotic may be prescribed for:
  • Household members and others who have spent time in the previous five out of seven days with an affected individual
  • All daycare staff

RESOURCES

American College of Emergency Physicians http://www.acep.org

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov

CANADIAN RESOURCES

Canadian Immunization Guide http://www.phac-aspc.gc.cal

Health Canada http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca

References

Acute epiglottitis. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php . Updated June 15, 2011. Accessed February 12, 2013.

Haemophilus influenzae disease (including Hib). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/hi-disease/index.html . Updated September 25, 2012. Accessed February 12, 2013.

Sack JL, Brock CD. Identifying acute epiglottitis in adults. Postgraduate Medicine. 2002;112(1).

Revision Information

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.

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